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R语言中制作图形动画的多种方法

俞丽佳

2021/11/20

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一个好的视觉效果能抓住观众的兴趣并给人留下深刻印象

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动画原理

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视觉残留

走马灯

晶状体成像 => 感光细胞感光，并且将光信号转换为神经电流 => 传回大脑引起人体视觉

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视觉残留

逐帧动画

  1. 图片来源：Persistence of vision: how does animation work?
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视觉残留

逐帧动画

关键帧动画

  1. 图片来源：Persistence of vision: how does animation work?
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常用概念

  • 帧 (Frame): 画幅
  • 每秒帧数 (Frames per second，FPS)：10帧/秒及以上为流畅的动画

  1. 图片来源：Animating Your Data Visualizations Like a Boss Using R
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R语言制作动画

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概述

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概述

编码器

ImageMagick (GraphicsMagick)， Gifski

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概述

编码器

ImageMagick (GraphicsMagick)， Gifski

封装

magick, gifski

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概述

编码器

ImageMagick (GraphicsMagick)， Gifski

封装

magick, gifski

制作动画

animation, gganimate

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概述

编码器

ImageMagick (GraphicsMagick)， Gifski

封装

magick, gifski

制作动画

animation, gganimate

制作交互式动画

plotly

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magick

读取图片

library(magick)
bigdata <- image_read('./images/bigdata.jpg')
frink <- image_read("./images/frink.png")
logo <- image_read("./images/Rlogo.png")
img <- c(bigdata, logo, frink)

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magick

读取图片

制作动画

image_animate(image_scale(img, "200x200"), 
              fps = 1, 
              dispose = "previous")

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magick

读取图片

制作动画

变形

newlogo <- image_scale(image_read("./images/Rlogo.png"))
oldlogo <- image_scale(image_read("./images/Rlogo-old.png"))
image_resize(c(oldlogo, newlogo), '200x150!') %>%
  image_background('white') %>%
  image_morph() %>%
  image_animate(optimize = TRUE)

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magick

读取图片

制作动画

变形

保存图片

newlogo <- image_scale(image_read("./images/Rlogo.png"))
oldlogo <- image_scale(image_read("./images/Rlogo-old.png"))
img=image_resize(c(oldlogo, newlogo), '200x150!') %>%
  image_background('white') %>%
  image_morph() %>%
  image_animate(optimize = TRUE)
image_write(img, "Rlogo.gif")
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gifski

一心一意做好将图像帧转换为高质量GIF动画的工作。

gifski(
  png_files,
  gif_file = "animation.gif",
  width = 800,
  height = 600,
  delay = 1,
  loop = TRUE,
  progress = TRUE
)
save_gif(
  expr,
  gif_file = "animation.gif",
  width = 800,
  height = 600,
  delay = 1,
  loop = TRUE,
  progress = TRUE,
  ...
)
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animation

数学和统计学方法的动态展示

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animation

制作动画的函数

library(animation)
## generate some images
owd = setwd(tempdir())
ani.options(interval = 0.05, nmax = 20)
png("bm%03d.png")
brownian.motion(pch = 21, cex = 5, col = "red", bg = "yellow", 
  main = "Demonstration of Brownian Motion")
dev.off()
## filenames with a wildcard *
im.convert("bm*.png", output = "bm-animation1.gif")
## use GraphicsMagick
gm.convert("bm*.png", output = "bm-animation2.gif")
## or a filename vector
bm.files = sprintf("bm%03d.png", 1:20)
im.convert(files = bm.files, output = "bm-animation3.gif")
library(animation)
saveGIF({
  brownian.motion(pch = 21, cex = 5, col = "red", bg = "yellow")
}, movie.name = "brownian_motion.gif", interval = 0.1, nmax = 30, 
  ani.width = 600)
  • saveHTML()
  • saveVideo()
  • saveLatex()
  • saveSWF()
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gganimate

动画语法

  • Transitions：定义数据如何伸展变化以及与各种变量（时间、迭代）间的关联

  • Views：定义坐标位置比例如何随动画变化

  • Shadows：定义如何在给定帧的基础上呈现来自其它帧的数据

  • Tweening：定义新数据如何显示，旧数据如何消失

  • Rendering：动画渲染方式

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gganimate

ggplot(gapminder, aes(gdpPercap, lifeExp, size = pop, color = country)) +
  geom_point(alpha = 0.7, show.legend = FALSE) +
  scale_color_manual(values = country_colors) +
  scale_x_log10() +
  scale_size(range = c(2, 12)) +
  facet_wrap(~continent) +
  labs(title = "Year:{frame_time}", x = "GDP per capita", y = "life expectancy") +
  transition_time(year) +
  ease_aes("linear")

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Plotly

suppressPackageStartupMessages({
  library(plotly)
  library(gapminder)
})
df <- gapminder
fig <- df %>%
  plot_ly(
    x = ~gdpPercap,
    y = ~lifeExp,
    size = ~pop,
    color = ~continent,
    frame = ~year,
    text = ~country,
    hoverinfo = "text",
    type = 'scatter',
    mode = 'markers'
  ) %>% layout(
    xaxis = list(
      type = "log"
    )
  )
fig
2510002510k25100k304050607080
AfricaAmericasAsiaEuropeOceaniayear: 1952195219621972198219922002gdpPercaplifeExpPlay
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Plotly

fig <- fig %>%
  animation_opts(
     frame = 1000, 
     easing = "elastic", 
     redraw = FALSE
   )
fig
2510002510k25100k304050607080
AfricaAmericasAsiaEuropeOceaniayear: 1952195219621972198219922002gdpPercaplifeExpPlay
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一些例子

作者：Guy Abel 工具：circlize+tweenr+magick

链接：Animated directional chord diagrams

作者：David Kretch 工具：ggplot2+animation

链接：Show Your Valentine How Much You Care: Create a Statistical Graph

作者：Giulia Ruggeri 工具：gganimate

链接：From static to animated time series: the tidyverse way

作者：Bryan 工具：animation

链接：Animations in R – How to Make Animated Graphs

作者：Garrick Aden‑Buie 工具：gganimate

链接：🤹 tidyexplain – Tidy Animated Verbs

作者：Mickaël Canouil 工具：gganimate

链接：A ggplot2 and gganimate Version of Pac-Man

作者：Jakob Schwalb-Willmann 工具：ggplot2+gifski

链接：moveVis: tools to visualize movement data

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如何选择用哪个工具制作动画？

熟练程度（学习曲线）

gifski, magick, animation, plotly, gganimate

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如何选择用哪个工具制作动画？

特点

  • 交互性：plotly

  • 基础绘图：gifski, magick, animation

  • ggplot2绘图：gganimate

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总结

包外有包

  • anim.plots: animation的封装

  • animint2, echarts4r: javascript

  • tweenr: 插值

3D 动画

  • rgl
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参考资料

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谢谢

本幻灯片由 R 包 xaringan 生成

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一个好的视觉效果能抓住观众的兴趣并给人留下深刻印象

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